word of wisdom during the battle of solferino
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On21 July, 1858, the secret meeting between Napoleon III and Piedmontese minister, Camillo Benso Cavour took place in the Vosges spa town of Plombières. As a result, the French emperor resolved to ‘liberate’ the Italian states from Austrian influence as part of his project to reunite France with Nice and Savoy. However, French intervention in Italy required the support, or at least the benediction, of Russia. The Prince Napoleon was sent to Warsaw to conduct secret preliminary meetings with Alexander II. The question remained however of how to follow up these meetings and get a man capable of conducting the discussions to St. Petersburg without arousing suspicion. The Prince Napoleon came up with the idea of Captain La Roncière Le Noury, who had commanded the warship Reine Hortense during the Prince’s scientific expedition in the North Sea in1856. Napoleon III was very satisfied with the suggestion and indicated so in his letter: “My dear Napoleon, – I am delighted with your discovery. Arrange matters so that he leaves shortly.” (Letter from Napoleon III to the Prince Napoleon dated31 October, 1858)
A document was drawn up detailing the financial and military arrangements between France and Piedmont in the event of ‘complications’ arising in the Italian states. The secret convention confirmed that a defensive and offensive alliance between Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II, king of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia, would come into being in the case of Austria declaring war on the Piedmontese king. The convention, which also stated that Savoy and Nice would be reunited with France, was dated16 December, 1858, although the possibility exists that it was actually signed later on, in January, but ante-dated, as argued by Ernest d’Hauterive. French intervention was dependent on Austrian aggression, however, and so Napoleon III was careful to remain discrete in his preparations and in his interaction with Austria. Le comte de Viel Castel’s entry for3 January, 1859nevertheless indicates that Paris sensed that war was on the cards: ‘At the diplomatic reception an incident occurred which has kept the whole of Paris preoccupied. The Emperor said to the Austrian ambassador: “I am delighted to see you, Monsieur l’ambassadeur. Please convey my wishes for the new year to your sovereign, and assure him of my special regards, even though relations between our cabinets are not as they should be.”‘ The comte continued: ‘Italy is troubled, Piedmont is overwhelmed by revolutionary elements and has run out of options; if a war were to break out between France and Austria, it would become widespread quickly, and political parties would take advantage of this war to instigate upheaval. Despite his fine words “l’Empire c’est la paix”, the Emperor desires a war […]’ (Mémoires du comte Horace de Viel Castel,3 January, 1859)
With the possibility of conflict between France and Austria becoming more and more likely, the Piedmontese king Victor Emmanuel gave a speech before his parliament on10 January, 1859which did little to ease the tensions. ‘Our country, small in territory, has grown in stature amongst the councils of Europe thanks to the greatness of ideas that it represents and the friendship it inspires…If we respect the treaties, we are nevertheless not insensitive to the cries of distress which we hear emanating from so many parts of Italy…’.
A few days later, on13 January, the Prince Napoleon andGeneral Nielarrived in Piedmont, where they visited arsenals, ports and fortifications in the company ofAlfonso Ferrero La Marmora, the Sardinian Minister for War.
The secret treaty of military and familial alliance signed by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II on16 Decemberand the familial alliance of the marriage of the Prince Napoleon with Victor Emmanuel’s daughter, Clothilde, had cemented Franco-Piedmontese relations. But war in Northern Italy would not involve only Austria. Napoleon III therefore also had to try to control how the other European powers would act – he could not fight in Italy with the threat of military taken to his rear. His policy was thus to attempt to ensure the neutrality of the most important players in the international community for the coming conflict. In a letter to the Prince Napoleon, dated19 January, Napoleon III noted the success of negotiations with the Tsar, led by the naval Captain La Roncière le Noury. “La Roncière has accomplished his mission very well. We have gained all we could hope for. The Emperor on parting said to him that he gave me his word of honour to do all in his power in my favour, but that he must be left the judge as to ways and suitable time.” Russian neutrality (and control of Prussia) was thus assured (at the price of a ‘benevolent attitude’ towards Russian ‘aspirations in Poland and the Black Sea’). British reaction was however mixed. The reaction of Queen Victoria (pushed by her ‘Prussian’ consort, Albert) was one of indignation at Napoleon’s challenge to the world order as established after the Vienna Congress of1815. British public opinion however was against Austrian ‘tyranny’. The influential British politician, Palmerston, was later to epitomise a certain British position declaring (30 January, 1859) that “I am very Austrian north of the Alps, but very anti-Austrian south of the Alps”. The stage was set for the show down.
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